1 00:00:03,310 --> 00:00:07,851 Formal, truly fantastic castle a fortress, a palace, a home. 2 00:00:09,761 --> 00:00:14,531 And a symbolic power, majesty�and fear. 3 00:00:14,712 --> 00:00:21,005 Nearly a thousand royal castle formats Britain's famous scenery. 4 00:00:22,791 --> 00:00:27,084 The dilapidated buildings have home to the greatest heroes- 5 00:00:27,270 --> 00:00:30,169 -and the villains in Vrtland's history. 6 00:00:30,351 --> 00:00:36,363 Many of them are very proud, bursting with war-story rooms 7 00:00:36,550 --> 00:00:40,929 -treason, intrigue and murder. 8 00:00:44,470 --> 00:00:50,931 I, Dan Jones, will disclose the secrets behind six castles. 9 00:00:52,155 --> 00:00:55,349 That revenge I'm from the south of England- 10 00:00:55,529 --> 00:01:00,825 -f�rattexplore the story behind the country's largest defense fortress. 11 00:01:01,017 --> 00:01:04,702 The impressive fortress here on the Cliffs of Dover- 12 00:01:04,888 --> 00:01:10,059 -haravv�rjtall enemies from the middle ages until summon the war. 13 00:01:24,434 --> 00:01:28,130 At The White Horse pub on a back street in Dover- 14 00:01:28,331 --> 00:01:32,186 -the walls are de-named on people who are taken �l�r. 15 00:01:32,373 --> 00:01:35,305 Not the driver seems to have the opposite. 16 00:01:36,803 --> 00:01:41,860 The pub encourages graffiti, but only just from a selected group of people. 17 00:01:42,050 --> 00:01:46,271 If you discover what unites all this scribbling- 18 00:01:46,453 --> 00:01:51,139 -that's how you find the key to Dover and its castle. 19 00:01:53,209 --> 00:01:56,742 That key just a stone's throw away. 20 00:01:56,929 --> 00:02:01,101 Dover Canal, or the English Channel. 21 00:02:05,523 --> 00:02:09,148 All these people have swum across the channel. 22 00:02:09,335 --> 00:02:13,463 They knew the same thing like the Romans, the Saxons- 23 00:02:13,644 --> 00:02:16,740 -like the French, Napoleon and Hitler knew: 24 00:02:16,926 --> 00:02:21,900 That the fastest way is the channel from Europe to England- 25 00:02:22,090 --> 00:02:24,540 -was via Dover. 26 00:02:24,725 --> 00:02:28,258 From Dover Only 34 km to France. 27 00:02:28,447 --> 00:02:31,700 �rman fast see the swimmer for ten hours. 28 00:02:31,889 --> 00:02:36,657 It's even faster please, and that's why it's dangerous. 29 00:02:36,843 --> 00:02:41,057 About all of England�pure castle s� �rDoverden great gate. 30 00:02:42,052 --> 00:02:46,507 The Old English word for water was "dubra", or "dover". 31 00:02:46,683 --> 00:02:50,898 This was the edge of the kingdom, beyond which the whole world lay. 32 00:02:51,088 --> 00:02:55,225 Any invasion or attack must come via Dover. 33 00:02:55,400 --> 00:03:00,615 Dover was and is the key to England, so it must be protected- 34 00:03:00,807 --> 00:03:04,503 -of one of Britain's largest city. 35 00:03:10,365 --> 00:03:15,979 The harthorn, gate house and a .6km long wall. 36 00:03:20,084 --> 00:03:26,500 And in the middle of everything the inner star the ring wall and the huge stone castle. 37 00:03:28,927 --> 00:03:35,218 The gigantic fortress has been protected Great Britain from the French- 38 00:03:35,391 --> 00:03:38,212 -Emperor Napoleon and Adolf Hitler. 39 00:03:38,409 --> 00:03:42,778 But the story of Dover Castle long before all that. 40 00:03:48,437 --> 00:03:51,889 Dover's strategic importance began the fellow Romans. 41 00:03:52,079 --> 00:03:58,620 In the first century Krkom Julius Caesar and his arm�erhit. 42 00:03:58,799 --> 00:04:01,620 And here's Dover's great heights- 43 00:04:01,798 --> 00:04:08,576 -the Romans built an incredible building which survives2,000 later. 44 00:04:08,765 --> 00:04:15,492 It is called Pharos and �right lighthouse who accompanied Roman ships. 45 00:04:23,231 --> 00:04:27,649 When William the Conqueror invaded England and plundered the fort- 46 00:04:27,842 --> 00:04:34,374 -he realized how important Dover was, so he had it rebuilt. 47 00:04:34,552 --> 00:04:38,056 � robbery for the huge stone fort who stands here today- 48 00:04:38,233 --> 00:04:41,930 -must be given to William's great-grandson Henry II. 49 00:04:48,955 --> 00:04:53,695 Henry II ruled England i�ver30 �rislutetp� 00s. 50 00:04:53,871 --> 00:04:58,649 He laid large parts of the abyss foreign visa day. 51 00:05:00,311 --> 00:05:04,685 Henry II built Dover Castle main number.. 52 00:05:04,870 --> 00:05:08,412 A large ring wall with fourteen defense towers- 53 00:05:08,593 --> 00:05:13,371 -as the protector of the most impressive citizens n�nsin.. 54 00:05:13,606 --> 00:05:16,221 The big tower. 55 00:05:17,999 --> 00:05:22,530 In his time, Henrik II was the highest hen of the medieval kings. 56 00:05:22,709 --> 00:05:26,529 He loved to build castles to show its importance. 57 00:05:26,704 --> 00:05:30,444 But Dover Castle must be the ultimate symbol- 58 00:05:30,632 --> 00:05:33,842 -for royal courtship and power. 59 00:05:34,946 --> 00:05:39,084 But the magnificence islottetsom visaridag- 60 00:05:39,274 --> 00:05:43,211 exists thanks to Henrik's shame and guilt. 61 00:05:45,632 --> 00:05:48,280 Dover Castle was a fortress- 62 00:05:48,468 --> 00:05:52,762 -but �even a very expensive state palace. 63 00:05:52,952 --> 00:05:56,327 It had two palatial suites- 64 00:05:56,499 --> 00:06:01,391 -suitable for important guests, and the king himself. 65 00:06:10,183 --> 00:06:15,836 But on the other floor leads a corridor from the salons. 66 00:06:16,022 --> 00:06:19,357 The closure is available a particularly important room for the king. 67 00:06:19,548 --> 00:06:23,047 A place for reflection and regret. 68 00:06:25,578 --> 00:06:30,553 This chapel was built by Henry II himself. 69 00:06:30,742 --> 00:06:33,121 It was built to honor a saint. 70 00:06:35,069 --> 00:06:41,284 But no ordinary saint, but a man whom Henrik had let die. 71 00:06:41,462 --> 00:06:45,834 He was murdered in the most brutal way way you can imagine. 72 00:06:46,986 --> 00:06:50,240 His name was Thomas Becket. 73 00:06:51,781 --> 00:06:57,951 Becket was Henrik's best friend. He was his fixer and adviser. 74 00:06:58,148 --> 00:07:01,154 But when Henrik made Beckettill�rkebishop- 75 00:07:01,339 --> 00:07:05,314 -collapsed their friendship in a spectacular way. 76 00:07:05,500 --> 00:07:10,235 Henrik wanted Becket's help govern the English Church. 77 00:07:10,424 --> 00:07:14,399 N�rBecket refused they became bitter enemies. 78 00:07:29,467 --> 00:07:36,000 In December 1170, four of Henriks rode knight iv�g f�rattmurda. 79 00:07:43,651 --> 00:07:46,471 They found Becket weapons isin cathedral. 80 00:07:57,777 --> 00:08:02,430 They killed him near the altar and crushed his skull. 81 00:08:06,574 --> 00:08:10,676 It was added which shook 12th century Europe. 82 00:08:12,778 --> 00:08:17,390 Two saints were Becket saints and Henrik varhatad. 83 00:08:17,575 --> 00:08:20,304 Frustrated reputation- 84 00:08:20,497 --> 00:08:24,275 -did the king an incredible act of penance. 85 00:08:27,085 --> 00:08:33,122 Henry appeared in Canterbury, barefoot and washcloths. 86 00:08:33,318 --> 00:08:35,845 He ordered the cathedral's 80 monks- 87 00:08:36,053 --> 00:08:40,667 -attsl� him three times each with a tr�k�pp. 88 00:08:40,854 --> 00:08:46,747 The king spent the night at Becket's grave and asked for forgiveness. 89 00:08:46,933 --> 00:08:51,908 After this Becket became a shrine Europe's largest tourist destination. 90 00:08:52,083 --> 00:08:56,101 It was visited by pilgrims from the whole continent. 91 00:08:59,177 --> 00:09:03,790 This chapel, and also the rest of the bail- 92 00:09:03,968 --> 00:09:07,580 -had its basis in Henry II's debt. 93 00:09:18,853 --> 00:09:23,063 Among the many visitors here was Europe's most important. 94 00:09:23,246 --> 00:09:28,658 In 1179, Henrik heard that one of the very largest was on its way. 95 00:09:28,848 --> 00:09:34,862 Louis VII, King of France, would pray for his seriously ill son. 96 00:09:35,045 --> 00:09:40,341 The King of France was on his way. It was the first state visit to England- 97 00:09:40,531 --> 00:09:44,347 - and Henrik had to to show off something grand. 98 00:09:47,252 --> 00:09:51,865 No French king had before sattsin footp� English soil. 99 00:09:53,245 --> 00:09:55,903 But Henrik had a problem. 100 00:09:56,092 --> 00:10:02,459 Dover is always a suitable one place for received royalty. 101 00:10:04,517 --> 00:10:07,132 This was a bit embarrassing. 102 00:10:07,331 --> 00:10:13,863 Henrik got to meet the king on the beach before they rode to Canterbury. 103 00:10:14,041 --> 00:10:16,458 Maybe because of the reduction- 104 00:10:16,639 --> 00:10:22,456 - had Henrik within a couple of months started putting money on Dover Castle. 105 00:10:25,730 --> 00:10:31,819 The last ten, added Henrik morep� Dover is another English castle. 106 00:10:32,001 --> 00:10:38,095 He didn't want his inheritance �overshadowed by the murder of� Becket. 107 00:10:38,279 --> 00:10:43,337 Dover Castle reminded every pilgrim who passed here- 108 00:10:43,527 --> 00:10:46,978 -about the wealth of the great king and meaning. 109 00:10:48,281 --> 00:10:55,172 But Henrik also built Dover like a military fort, luckily. 110 00:11:01,001 --> 00:11:07,500 Dover became the largest and most important English fortress in the Middle Ages. 111 00:11:08,397 --> 00:11:13,859 King Henry II, who founded it, never got to see it tested in war. 112 00:11:14,034 --> 00:11:16,051 But his son got it. 113 00:11:16,241 --> 00:11:20,648 Closed in the 00s the walls inf�rsin first challenge- 114 00:11:20,834 --> 00:11:24,252 -led by England's most detested regent. 115 00:11:24,434 --> 00:11:29,004 A monarch with the worst rumors in history. 116 00:11:29,196 --> 00:11:31,172 The famous King John. 117 00:11:35,110 --> 00:11:40,969 Everyone knows King John from "Robin Hood", but he is more important than that. 118 00:11:41,159 --> 00:11:45,659 He almost destroyed Dover Castle and the whole kingdom. 119 00:11:45,833 --> 00:11:52,606 Get to know why I'm doing it to Salisbury, 25 miles west. 120 00:11:52,792 --> 00:11:58,329 The magnificent chapter house there is a fantastic manuscript. 121 00:11:58,515 --> 00:12:01,932 A document like the hare through history. 122 00:12:02,110 --> 00:12:04,653 That's "Magna Charta". 123 00:12:05,677 --> 00:12:08,929 It is one of four copies of "Magna Charta"- 124 00:12:09,105 --> 00:12:12,484 -the treaty concluded in 1215, before 800 years ago 125 00:12:12,676 --> 00:12:16,651 -which is one of the most famous the documents in western history. 126 00:12:16,826 --> 00:12:22,604 We see "Magna Charta" as the foundation for law, justice, rights- 127 00:12:22,790 --> 00:12:26,009 -English liberties and the United States Constitution. 128 00:12:26,191 --> 00:12:32,651 But in 1215 there was a peace treaty between King John and rebels. 129 00:12:34,034 --> 00:12:36,965 John was cruel and the revengeful king. 130 00:12:37,146 --> 00:12:42,088 He demanded extortionate taxes able to finance failed wars. 131 00:12:42,276 --> 00:12:45,928 He removed his subjects, plundered the church- 132 00:12:46,113 --> 00:12:50,283 -and waged a war against his barons rebelled. 133 00:12:50,476 --> 00:12:55,411 "Magna Charta" was desperately trying to calm the king down. 134 00:12:56,355 --> 00:13:02,204 There are 4000 words in "Magna Charta", divided into 63 clauses. 135 00:13:02,389 --> 00:13:05,166 It doesn't feel relevant today. 136 00:13:05,356 --> 00:13:12,134 It's about taxes and freedom - pity that is forgotten today. 137 00:13:12,305 --> 00:13:18,280 More important was clause 61, at the bottom, which we now call the security clause. 138 00:13:18,472 --> 00:13:23,681 It said that if King John violated the any of the terms of "Magna Charta"- 139 00:13:23,867 --> 00:13:28,688 -s� received a council of 25 barons legal right to make war on him. 140 00:13:28,866 --> 00:13:32,130 And in 1215 exactly that happened. 141 00:13:34,637 --> 00:13:40,129 John wrote to the priest and meant that Magna Charta limited the king- 142 00:13:40,304 --> 00:13:45,038 -and thus every attack the opposite church. P�ven h�llmed. 143 00:13:46,552 --> 00:13:52,444 The rebel barons were excommunicated and England ended up in civil war. 144 00:13:52,632 --> 00:13:56,246 The barons would never come �ever's co-king John- 145 00:13:56,424 --> 00:14:00,883 -s� they invited the French prince Louis to invade England- 146 00:14:01,059 --> 00:14:03,683 -and take the throne from him. 147 00:14:03,858 --> 00:14:07,275 To invite a French prince sounds like fraud- 148 00:14:07,460 --> 00:14:09,876 -but the English were used to it. 149 00:14:10,055 --> 00:14:14,877 It had happened three times in 150 years after the Norman Conquest. 150 00:14:15,058 --> 00:14:19,284 A French baron had arrived across the sea to the south coast- 151 00:14:19,463 --> 00:14:26,077 -took the crown and built huge castles, just like the one in Dover. 152 00:14:30,381 --> 00:14:36,793 Louis and the barons controlled Canterbury, Rochester and London. 153 00:14:36,987 --> 00:14:40,356 He took over England, but what he really needed- 154 00:14:40,540 --> 00:14:45,995 -was the communication center between England and France: Dover Castle. 155 00:14:46,854 --> 00:14:52,549 King John �de, and his kingdom, rested nup� Dover. 156 00:14:55,658 --> 00:14:58,829 Ludvig besieged the place. 157 00:14:59,015 --> 00:15:05,269 He placed his control grain norms bail and escort catapults. 158 00:15:05,456 --> 00:15:08,350 But the defense held. 159 00:15:08,536 --> 00:15:14,674 Ludvig changed strategy and took advantage that made Dover famous.. 160 00:15:20,254 --> 00:15:23,590 The white limestone cliffs under its foundation. 161 00:15:23,778 --> 00:15:28,512 Rather climb over the walls they went under them. 162 00:15:29,619 --> 00:15:32,035 The walls of UnderDover Castle- 163 00:15:32,218 --> 00:15:37,150 -the French began to dig to weaken the foundation. 164 00:15:37,336 --> 00:15:41,869 The pure siege technique which is called undermining. 165 00:15:42,052 --> 00:15:46,191 - What is undermining! - Here we see the limestone mountain. 166 00:15:46,369 --> 00:15:51,911 They dug into the foundation of the castle to cause it to collapse. 167 00:15:52,092 --> 00:15:56,426 If the wall and gate collapsed got a slope of stone- 168 00:15:56,615 --> 00:16:00,588 -like the French invaders could climb up. 169 00:16:01,648 --> 00:16:07,108 - How did you stop them! - You could dig your own tunnels. 170 00:16:07,298 --> 00:16:11,508 This tunnel can be a sin. 171 00:16:11,693 --> 00:16:14,946 There were battles in the tunnels! 172 00:16:15,130 --> 00:16:21,423 If you discovered French tunnels so there was definitely a fight here. 173 00:16:21,609 --> 00:16:25,863 It must have been pretty awful, before it was dark here. 174 00:16:26,050 --> 00:16:29,992 They succeeded in undermining one of the towers and caused it to collapse. 175 00:16:30,168 --> 00:16:36,383 They got in behind the exterior of the castle ring wall. They got through the defenses. 176 00:16:36,576 --> 00:16:40,234 But the English resistance in there- 177 00:16:40,413 --> 00:16:43,872 -forced them out again. 178 00:16:44,046 --> 00:16:48,626 Then the English fixed the problem with wood, stone and other temporary materials. 179 00:16:48,806 --> 00:16:52,502 The French did not enter again. 180 00:16:52,685 --> 00:16:58,670 On October 14, 1216, after three months of siege- 181 00:16:58,847 --> 00:17:01,266 -Louis negotiated a truce. 182 00:17:01,450 --> 00:17:06,818 Four days later King John died of dysentery. 183 00:17:09,548 --> 00:17:13,047 Dover Castle's only real weaknesses had been revealed. 184 00:17:13,246 --> 00:17:17,941 Borgen's engineer repaired the undermined north gate. 185 00:17:18,133 --> 00:17:22,272 But they extended �ven the underground tunnels. 186 00:17:22,445 --> 00:17:28,578 Nearly clear, Dovers stretched defense far beyond the wall. 187 00:17:41,324 --> 00:17:45,420 Dover was extended and fortified again of several English kings. 188 00:17:45,614 --> 00:17:47,869 But it would take 600 �r- 189 00:17:48,042 --> 00:17:52,936 -before the castle and its tunnels would see the battle. 190 00:17:58,803 --> 00:18:03,101 Ended in the 7th century Great Britain at war with France. 191 00:18:03,290 --> 00:18:07,740 Napoleon Bonaparte had crushed his enemies�all over Europe- 192 00:18:07,922 --> 00:18:11,456 -and now he had his sights set at Dover. 193 00:18:18,519 --> 00:18:24,176 In 1803, Napoleon had general assembly an arm�p� 30000 men- 194 00:18:24,368 --> 00:18:28,497 -and 2000pr�mariBoulogne inner France. 195 00:18:28,679 --> 00:18:32,572 A tremendous strength, only 10 miles from Dover Castle- 196 00:18:32,758 --> 00:18:37,208 -with sole purpose - to invade England. 197 00:18:40,048 --> 00:18:43,385 The French Invasion always be expected- 198 00:18:43,560 --> 00:18:47,372 -and again Dover Castle stood at the center. 199 00:18:47,559 --> 00:18:50,174 The obvious invasion route - Dover. 200 00:18:50,362 --> 00:18:53,814 The French needed a port for deliveries - Dover. 201 00:18:53,998 --> 00:18:58,695 The English needed strength and ingenuity, and they found it- 202 00:18:58,884 --> 00:19:02,253 -with a military officer named William Twiss. 203 00:19:05,312 --> 00:19:10,329 Twiss transformed Dover Castle until the modern fortress. 204 00:19:11,357 --> 00:19:15,452 He built five cannon emplacements on the outer wall- 205 00:19:15,637 --> 00:19:20,009 -and a huge, elevated one cannon platform just north of the gate. 206 00:19:22,080 --> 00:19:28,529 He strengthened the roof of the great tower able to carry heavy artillery. 207 00:19:33,672 --> 00:19:38,247 But it was underground like Twiss displayed real ingenuity. 208 00:19:41,272 --> 00:19:43,410 Dover Castle had a problem.. 209 00:19:43,603 --> 00:19:47,053 There were soldiers, but no place for them. 210 00:19:51,158 --> 00:19:55,296 During the Napoleonic Wars, we waited an invasion at any time. 211 00:19:55,472 --> 00:19:59,407 The castle swarmed with soldiers, but it was fully above ground. 212 00:19:59,601 --> 00:20:04,609 So someone came up with the unusual idea to build underground. 213 00:20:04,796 --> 00:20:08,689 It's like digging a cellar under his house. 214 00:20:08,875 --> 00:20:15,374 - How did you dig! - By hand, with hoes and shovels. 215 00:20:15,550 --> 00:20:20,972 The wall is damp and full of moss. 216 00:20:21,148 --> 00:20:24,964 It is damp and cold, but the soldiers of the 19th century- 217 00:20:25,152 --> 00:20:28,848 -be used to terrible situations, so it was probably okay. 218 00:20:29,036 --> 00:20:35,125 This is so genius. This is just a part below the castle- 219 00:20:35,315 --> 00:20:38,891 -of a much larger network of fortifications. 220 00:20:39,070 --> 00:20:45,454 To defend the south east of England was one of the most important things during the war. 221 00:20:45,638 --> 00:20:52,208 Although Dover was completely English military power found a weakness left.. 222 00:20:52,390 --> 00:20:54,402 The white rocks themselves. 223 00:20:56,116 --> 00:20:58,692 If Napoleon managed to get ashore- 224 00:20:58,868 --> 00:21:03,244 -how would the English do that be able to get down to him! 225 00:21:04,547 --> 00:21:08,881 It is only 90 m down to the beach. 226 00:21:09,067 --> 00:21:12,167 But to bring down riders It is about 2 km. 227 00:21:12,342 --> 00:21:16,917 If you go with the soldiers It is 1.6 km down paths. 228 00:21:17,107 --> 00:21:20,842 Twist in that there must be a better way. 229 00:21:23,267 --> 00:21:29,131 Twiss created an expressway from the barracks to the foothills. 230 00:21:29,306 --> 00:21:31,559 It was called "The Great Shaft". 231 00:21:31,744 --> 00:21:37,037 A gigantic stairwell, 8m wide and 55m deep- 232 00:21:37,227 --> 00:21:43,409 -with three stairs. Of course the most ingenious construction project of all time. 233 00:22:03,748 --> 00:22:10,001 It looks like a futuristic prison. Unbelievable. 234 00:22:12,695 --> 00:22:17,958 They needed to be able to take the soldiers quickly from the barracks to the sea- 235 00:22:18,139 --> 00:22:20,197 -if Napoleon were to invade. 236 00:22:20,378 --> 00:22:25,073 At first there were only paths which was slippery when it was wet. 237 00:22:25,262 --> 00:22:31,352 There they built a large well and placed three stairs in it. 238 00:22:31,545 --> 00:22:36,602 In them, the soldiers could get around quickly from the barracks down to the sea. 239 00:22:36,771 --> 00:22:40,746 And with three stairs does it three times as fast. 240 00:22:40,940 --> 00:22:44,678 How long would it take? to bring down a thousand men! 241 00:22:44,854 --> 00:22:50,271 They made an appointment. They took them all soldiers from the barracks and bail- 242 00:22:50,457 --> 00:22:53,594 -down to the square, and it took 12.5 minutes. 243 00:22:53,788 --> 00:22:59,130 12.5 minutes for a thousand people! It's like water in a drain. 244 00:22:59,316 --> 00:23:03,359 It's very simple, and therein lies the genius. 245 00:23:06,060 --> 00:23:10,631 All clear, but Dover's defence was never put to the test. 246 00:23:10,817 --> 00:23:17,267 He was blockaded by the Royal Navy and could not control the channel- 247 00:23:17,455 --> 00:23:20,987 -s� Napoleon was forced to call off the invasion. 248 00:23:21,172 --> 00:23:24,071 In 1805 the threat had disappeared. 249 00:23:25,858 --> 00:23:28,310 But the fear remained. 250 00:23:28,494 --> 00:23:33,344 During the early 19th century, people feared that Napoleon would dig a tunnel 251 00:23:33,534 --> 00:23:36,585 -from France here to Dover. 252 00:23:36,775 --> 00:23:40,668 It's not as crazy as it sounds, before the 1880s- 253 00:23:40,856 --> 00:23:44,388 -a test tunnel was dug more than 1.6 km below the sea. 254 00:23:44,565 --> 00:23:47,901 It was canceled due to the threat against the security of the kingdom. 255 00:23:48,102 --> 00:23:51,953 This is an article from a London newspaper from 1882- 256 00:23:52,136 --> 00:23:56,029 -which discusses the proposal about a tunnel under the canal. 257 00:23:56,215 --> 00:23:59,108 It's an interview with a Garnet Wolseley. 258 00:23:59,283 --> 00:24:03,909 He thought a tunnel was: "A great danger to the nation." 259 00:24:04,100 --> 00:24:08,310 “In the middle of the night a small force can disembark at Dover," he said. 260 00:24:08,495 --> 00:24:13,791 "No one would know they were there until they knocked on the door." 261 00:24:19,529 --> 00:24:24,188 During the next 130 �ren Dover Castle was left alone. 262 00:24:24,366 --> 00:24:27,548 The tunnels were abandoned and almost forget. 263 00:24:27,735 --> 00:24:30,710 But the invasion threat returned. 264 00:24:30,898 --> 00:24:36,233 �again it came from France, but not from the French. 265 00:24:44,571 --> 00:24:50,864 I 900 �rharDover Castle walls adapted for civil war- 266 00:24:51,044 --> 00:24:53,542 -and threatened foreign invasion. 267 00:24:53,735 --> 00:25:00,022 But during the Second World War protected the fortress England- 268 00:25:00,203 --> 00:25:03,178 -all the way to France. 269 00:25:05,649 --> 00:25:10,738 In May 1940, the British army stood almost certain defeat- 270 00:25:10,926 --> 00:25:16,097 -on the beaches of Dunkirk. Here, on the coast of northern France 271 00:25:16,286 --> 00:25:22,785 -var400,000 allies surrounded of a doublets� Great German arm�. 272 00:25:22,964 --> 00:25:26,425 Hitler's forces embraced finish them off. 273 00:25:26,600 --> 00:25:30,257 Winston Churchill needed a rescue operation. 274 00:25:30,450 --> 00:25:35,820 The man he let organize it was Vice Admiral Bertram Ramsay. 275 00:25:37,599 --> 00:25:42,573 Ramsay's headquarters had to be as close to Dunkirk as possible. 276 00:25:42,762 --> 00:25:44,838 He chose Dover Castle. 277 00:25:50,267 --> 00:25:56,438 Under the white cliffs were the hundred-year-old tunnel network- 278 00:25:56,647 --> 00:25:59,623 -still a secret for the world outside. 279 00:25:59,801 --> 00:26:04,621 Now they would be transformed into Ramsay's military command center. 280 00:26:21,516 --> 00:26:25,769 The decision was made to evacuate Dunkirk as soon as possible. 281 00:26:25,957 --> 00:26:30,931 Retired Vice Admiral Ramsay was given responsibility for an impossible task. 282 00:26:31,121 --> 00:26:36,140 They called it Operation Dynamo, and the first meeting took place here- 283 00:26:36,316 --> 00:26:41,093 -far below Dover Castle, on May 20, 1940. 284 00:26:41,279 --> 00:26:46,336 Ramsay's operation, co-named after-tunnel systems' dynamorum- 285 00:26:46,518 --> 00:26:49,143 -was planned for just six days. 286 00:26:49,317 --> 00:26:53,612 He commanded a fleet of transport ships and destroyers- 287 00:26:53,803 --> 00:26:56,613 -to a seemingly impossible mission. 288 00:27:00,637 --> 00:27:06,416 In the tunnels there were operating rooms the army, the navy and the air force. 289 00:27:06,603 --> 00:27:11,616 Harried plans provide protection for the evacuation. 290 00:27:18,671 --> 00:27:23,771 Ramsay and his team lived in the tunnels around the clock. 291 00:27:23,955 --> 00:27:27,808 It must have been intense and claustrophobic. 292 00:27:30,074 --> 00:27:36,447 Even though they received reports from outside couldn't they know what happened- 293 00:27:36,636 --> 00:27:40,053 -with the allied forces on the beaches of Dunkirk. 294 00:27:45,595 --> 00:27:48,847 Nearly half a million people's lives standp� game. 295 00:27:49,031 --> 00:27:54,571 Ib�sta fell Ramsay be able to save 30000-40000. 296 00:27:54,757 --> 00:28:00,492 Except for German crossbow the ships are placed in deep water- 297 00:28:00,670 --> 00:28:03,295 -and a channel that was full of mines. 298 00:28:06,348 --> 00:28:09,291 From his bunker long under Dover Castle- 299 00:28:09,466 --> 00:28:13,884 -gave Ramsay the order to initiate Operation Dynamo. 300 00:28:14,073 --> 00:28:18,086 With that there was a fleet p� 35 destroyers and transport ships- 301 00:28:18,266 --> 00:28:22,646 -iv�g towards Dunkirk, 76km away. 302 00:28:22,828 --> 00:28:29,803 When they arrived they would anchor and collect people with landing gear. 303 00:28:34,430 --> 00:28:40,126 The whole beach was covered with soldiers which was bombarded by the Germans. 304 00:28:40,309 --> 00:28:47,283 But the inner harbor was broken, so larger ships did not enter. 305 00:28:49,035 --> 00:28:54,330 The fastest way back was too dangerous because of minor- 306 00:28:54,508 --> 00:28:58,689 -and they were fired upon from German positions along the coast. 307 00:29:06,304 --> 00:29:12,280 It's almost impossible to imagine the chaos, the fear and the panic- 308 00:29:12,474 --> 00:29:14,482 -if you are not yourself. 309 00:29:14,663 --> 00:29:18,840 97-year-old Vic Viner where a landing boat- 310 00:29:19,030 --> 00:29:25,365 -which rowed the soldier chaser HMS Esk which lay anchored a bitut. 311 00:29:27,948 --> 00:29:32,644 The first day they got out 7000. 312 00:29:32,823 --> 00:29:37,476 When we looked down let's say we had sweated blood. 313 00:29:37,661 --> 00:29:42,520 My colleague said, “Your hands are bloody, Vic." "Yours too�," I said. 314 00:29:42,710 --> 00:29:46,129 So we rolled up our sleeves and there was blood everywhere. 315 00:29:47,910 --> 00:29:52,360 While this was happening the Luftwaffe was flying �ver us and did his part. 316 00:29:53,619 --> 00:29:57,802 Quite a few died in the bombings. 317 00:29:57,988 --> 00:30:03,722 Besides, there were quite a few which just went out to sea. 318 00:30:03,910 --> 00:30:06,316 "I'm going home to England," they said. 319 00:30:09,021 --> 00:30:15,350 I remember clearly two great sergeants who cried. 320 00:30:15,539 --> 00:30:17,553 They had had enough. 321 00:30:17,742 --> 00:30:22,122 If you tried to say something to them- 322 00:30:22,297 --> 00:30:25,469 -and made them look up… 323 00:30:25,655 --> 00:30:30,957 Then their discipline returned. 324 00:30:34,938 --> 00:30:38,634 After three days approximately 70,000 people had been saved. 325 00:30:38,818 --> 00:30:41,989 But hundreds of thousands was left on the beach. 326 00:30:42,179 --> 00:30:44,389 But in the tunnels at Dover Castle- 327 00:30:44,578 --> 00:30:48,874 -would the second part of Ramsay's plan begins. 328 00:30:53,578 --> 00:30:56,917 All along the southeast coast and the Thames estuary- 329 00:30:57,096 --> 00:31:02,349 -had the admiral sent a note about privately owned properties. 330 00:31:02,534 --> 00:31:06,509 He already had a collection 700 pieces at Ramsgate.. 331 00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:10,314 Everything from racing boats and sailboat to car ferries. 332 00:31:10,489 --> 00:31:14,267 The 28th of May vardep v�d towards Dunkirk. 333 00:31:19,581 --> 00:31:23,119 What was the idea with the little things! 334 00:31:23,301 --> 00:31:30,275 When Ramsay ordered the fleet to evacuate the soldiers from Dunkirk- 335 00:31:30,453 --> 00:31:33,807 - they realized that they did not enter the beaches. 336 00:31:34,002 --> 00:31:40,697 The larger ships had a depth at 3-6 meters, so they didn't get in. 337 00:31:40,898 --> 00:31:45,513 Therefore, smaller fines were needed who made it to the beach- 338 00:31:45,686 --> 00:31:49,147 -and took the soldiers to the larger ships. 339 00:31:49,337 --> 00:31:55,623 So the little beasts drove back and forth with soldiers. 340 00:31:56,650 --> 00:32:00,744 We know how many people which was on this very fine, eh! 341 00:32:00,939 --> 00:32:04,192 Yes, and that is unusual. 342 00:32:04,373 --> 00:32:10,914 New Britannic received up to 3,000 soldiers, which is incredibly many. 343 00:32:11,091 --> 00:32:15,912 A lot of young men have it's too much to thank. 344 00:32:17,613 --> 00:32:22,343 They took the bigger baits with them up to 180-200 soldiers- 345 00:32:22,533 --> 00:32:28,785 -and drove them out to the hunters and the merchant ships that were waiting. 346 00:32:32,298 --> 00:32:38,551 On May 30, we received 68,000. 347 00:32:38,726 --> 00:32:41,815 - It's incredible. - And the day there... 348 00:32:42,008 --> 00:32:44,140 ...just under 68000. 349 00:32:58,294 --> 00:33:01,908 - It must have been hell. - Oh yes. 350 00:33:02,093 --> 00:33:05,829 It is very difficult to... 351 00:33:06,013 --> 00:33:12,306 I make an effort to explain how I felt. 352 00:33:12,490 --> 00:33:16,777 But it is so peaceful now that it is difficult. 353 00:33:16,966 --> 00:33:21,464 In a way it is peaceful because of what happened there. 354 00:33:21,637 --> 00:33:26,055 It humbles me to think about it that I was involved in it. 355 00:33:44,358 --> 00:33:50,655 The 4th of June left the last destroyer Dunkirk for Dover- 356 00:33:50,849 --> 00:33:53,867 -with the last evacuated soldiers. 357 00:33:54,043 --> 00:34:00,143 Vice Admiral Bertram Ramsay had hoped to save 45,000 lives. 358 00:34:01,282 --> 00:34:04,212 In the end saved his Operation Dynamo- 359 00:34:04,401 --> 00:34:10,136 -338226 people. 360 00:34:17,515 --> 00:34:20,173 We must be very careful with- 361 00:34:20,361 --> 00:34:25,893 -attinte mix up this rescue with a victory. 362 00:34:26,076 --> 00:34:30,093 You don't win wars through evacuations. 363 00:34:30,281 --> 00:34:34,812 But there was a triumphant rescue as whisper attentive. 364 00:34:35,005 --> 00:34:38,579 In military terms Dunkirk was humiliating. 365 00:34:38,757 --> 00:34:43,257 But success saved the core of a profession. 366 00:34:43,431 --> 00:34:48,055 Moreover, what happened created between Dunkirk and Dover- 367 00:34:48,234 --> 00:34:54,974 -a pride - Dunkirk spirit - which probably changed the war. 368 00:34:59,002 --> 00:35:03,019 Whisper protect us, what it costs. 369 00:35:03,199 --> 00:35:08,255 Whisper fighting on the beaches, at the landing sites- 370 00:35:08,436 --> 00:35:11,526 -whisper fighting on the field and on the streets. 371 00:35:11,719 --> 00:35:16,848 Whisper striding in the mountains. Whisper never give up. 372 00:35:23,008 --> 00:35:28,466 At the end of 1940 the castle the front line of British defence. 373 00:35:28,651 --> 00:35:31,662 The North Germans advanced on the French coast- 374 00:35:31,839 --> 00:35:36,104 Admiral Ramsay knew that the tunnels under Dover Castle- 375 00:35:36,276 --> 00:35:41,453 -were important pre-war efforts. So he began to build them out. 376 00:35:41,590 --> 00:35:46,604 �verde Napoleonic tunnels they dug without a new level - 377 00:35:46,791 --> 00:35:52,284 -flats, bathroom, hospitals and operating theatres. 378 00:35:57,952 --> 00:36:04,172 How did the radio operator end up? false orders and misinformation- 379 00:36:04,347 --> 00:36:06,323 -f�ratf�r confuse the Germans. 380 00:36:06,511 --> 00:36:12,124 The workman did here remained important the landings in Normandy. 381 00:36:15,029 --> 00:36:19,292 Dover was used as a false starting point before D-Day. 382 00:36:19,479 --> 00:36:23,175 Down in the harbor there was hundreds of fake landing gear. 383 00:36:26,073 --> 00:36:31,769 Thousands of fake orders and false information was sent out from here. 384 00:36:36,268 --> 00:36:40,522 Even when you were relieved Dover was the center of the war. 385 00:36:47,151 --> 00:36:52,163 Dover had again been important in the respondent country. 386 00:36:52,347 --> 00:36:58,880 Thanks to Bertram Ramsayhade both the rescue team and the country. 387 00:36:59,055 --> 00:37:03,347 Bertram Ramsay died in a plane crash in January 1945. 388 00:37:03,545 --> 00:37:09,601 He never got to experience the end of the the second world war or celebrate the victory. 389 00:37:10,624 --> 00:37:15,363 But what he did, and Dover Castle's role in the defense of the country- 390 00:37:15,547 --> 00:37:18,007 - is still remembered. 391 00:37:27,912 --> 00:37:32,368 But soon the world was shadowed of a new kind of war. 392 00:37:32,546 --> 00:37:37,728 If the worst were to happen Dover Castle the best hiding place. 393 00:37:43,785 --> 00:37:47,120 In�stan 900 �rharDover Castle- 394 00:37:47,304 --> 00:37:51,164 -been Great Britain most strategically important fortress. 395 00:37:51,352 --> 00:37:55,327 All the time it protected against possible invasion. 396 00:38:01,666 --> 00:38:08,526 In May 1945, the war in Europe ended and with the capitulation of Germany. 397 00:38:16,188 --> 00:38:20,398 In August, two atomic bombs ended the war for Japan- 398 00:38:20,582 --> 00:38:23,879 -and initiated a new, unfortunate era. 399 00:38:30,379 --> 00:38:36,075 The tunnels under Dover Castle, there covert operations coordinated- 400 00:38:36,266 --> 00:38:38,962 -would soon get a new role. 401 00:38:55,134 --> 00:38:58,350 An advantage of the tunnels was that they were secret. 402 00:38:58,543 --> 00:39:04,561 After the war it became important. The lowest level, level D for DUMPY- 403 00:39:04,725 --> 00:39:10,820 -would be used as a command- central to a nuclear war. 404 00:39:11,017 --> 00:39:16,391 Most of the information if the tunnels are classified- 405 00:39:16,585 --> 00:39:20,073 -and they don't let up the general public here so often. 406 00:39:23,496 --> 00:39:26,153 The Cold War was escalated- 407 00:39:26,343 --> 00:39:30,558 -the government began to plan before a possible nuclear attack. 408 00:39:30,735 --> 00:39:36,638 Great Britain was divided and eleven regional government seats. 409 00:39:36,818 --> 00:39:42,119 1968became level� D under Dover Castle one of them. 410 00:39:45,643 --> 00:39:51,895 The 46 meter subsurface was built 7 corridors and 30 rooms about- 411 00:39:52,091 --> 00:39:58,625 -give protection to 300 government- and military personnel in the event of an attack. 412 00:39:58,811 --> 00:40:01,424 Here, long hair in the rocks- 413 00:40:01,612 --> 00:40:07,865 -held disaster drills and education during the 60s and 70s. 414 00:40:22,352 --> 00:40:27,245 If you woke up here during the cold the war, the worst had probably happened. 415 00:40:27,451 --> 00:40:30,034 You had been pulled out of bed at night- 416 00:40:30,205 --> 00:40:35,623 -and brought here to pour the remains of southern England again. 417 00:40:39,613 --> 00:40:44,308 It was well furnished and equipped filtration and ventilation system. 418 00:40:44,490 --> 00:40:47,426 It was spartan and claustrophobic- 419 00:40:47,614 --> 00:40:51,786 -but practical event of a nuclear disaster. 420 00:40:55,657 --> 00:40:58,704 The inhabitants of level D had been isolated- 421 00:40:58,894 --> 00:41:05,271 -but still had the ability to do so the world outside, if it still existed. 422 00:41:05,446 --> 00:41:10,299 This is the BBC's radio studio. In the event of a nuclear war- 423 00:41:10,496 --> 00:41:15,503 -they would play cheerful music to put people in a good mood. 424 00:41:30,636 --> 00:41:35,331 There was just one problem. In the 1970s, man realized 425 00:41:35,525 --> 00:41:39,894 - that the limestone had probably protected against Napoleon and Hitler. 426 00:41:40,073 --> 00:41:46,523 But it was also permeable, so radioactive rain from above 427 00:41:46,725 --> 00:41:51,752 -would gradually trickle down through the mountain and down into the bunker. 428 00:42:01,574 --> 00:42:06,785 Dover Castle has never been needed protect someone from nuclear attack. 429 00:42:06,970 --> 00:42:10,945 The last 60 years of peace hardet variettmonument- 430 00:42:11,131 --> 00:42:17,062 -�verDover 2000 �rold reputation as the gateway to Great Britain. 431 00:42:25,856 --> 00:42:30,470 During that time, Dover has contributed plus the responsible breeding- 432 00:42:30,638 --> 00:42:32,891 some other castle. 433 00:42:33,097 --> 00:42:35,792 From a Roman lighthouse to Saxon fortress- 434 00:42:35,968 --> 00:42:40,385 -the greatest of the Middle Ages and most venerable city. 435 00:42:40,571 --> 00:42:43,825 From the royal palace to underground barracks- 436 00:42:44,016 --> 00:42:48,302 -and one of the 19th century most wealthy military bases. 437 00:42:48,489 --> 00:42:54,020 Dover has expanded its defenses beyond the medieval walls- 438 00:42:54,203 --> 00:42:58,063 -from the white rocks to the beaches of Normandy. 439 00:42:58,256 --> 00:43:01,350 Today the "Key to England" stands symbol- 440 00:43:01,527 --> 00:43:06,988 -for Britain's determination, resistance and bravery. 441 00:43:37,927 --> 00:43:40,819 Lyrics: Michael Bach www.sdimedia.com